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Pow! Thump! Thwack! Onomatopoeias attempt to write sound effects on page so we can hear them through our eyes. They include calls of animals, sounds of nature, sounds of people, and other sounds (Alilyeh & Zeinolabedin, năm trước). TheBatman TV series from the 1960s played around with visual sound effects during fight scenes. This allowed the series feel like a moving comic book.

Tóm lược đại ý quan trọng trong bài

  • The Three Families
  • The Call of the Wild
  • Thud, Smack, Crack
  • Sights and Feelings Have Sound?
  • The Structure of Onomatopoeia

Manga has its own set of sound effects. As a manga reader, you may notice how publishers translate few of these sound effects. One reason: it would require someone to edit the artwork. This costs money. A second reason: Japanese has sound effects English doesnt have. The Japanese language has around 1,200 onomatopoeia classified into three families (Kadooka, 2009; Inose, n.d.). English sports about a third of this number. Many sound effects remain untranslatable.

Combining Japanese onomatopoeia with English words gives manga readers an advantage over prose readers. Scholars call manga a multimodal text. This means manga requires readers to use a broad set of skills. Manga readers have to know how to read text combined with images. They have to know Japanese sound effect words and English transliterations like maiko and shonen. Of course, good manga reads right to left, which requires the brain to work differently. This means manga readers develop stronger multidimensional thinking abilities than traditional readers.

Most manga use katakana to write onomatopoeia, but sometimes youll see hiragana and kanji too. Katakana specializes in loanwords from other languages. For example: television, テレビ (terebi). In English grammar, transliterations and uncommon loanwords appear in italicsyou wont see taco in italics, well except for here. Katakana serves a similar purpose as italics.

The Three Families

Onomatopoeias fall into threefamilies. Each family represents a type of sound they attempt to mimic. English sound words share the same families (Inose, n.d.). The first two families represent stereotypical sound words. The last family, however, involves more than sound.

The Call of the Wild

The first family, giseigo, includes words that mimic the voices of people and animals.

Katakana/Hiragana

English Transliteration

English Equivalent

イライ

iraira

grrr

おっとっ

ototo

oops

がお

gaoo

growl

キャ

kyaa

aah!

グルルグル

gururugururu

purr

ゲロゲ

gerogero

ribbit

チチ

chichichi

chirp-chirp

にゃ

nyaa

meow

ブー

buun

buzz

フー

fuu

hiss

Thud, Smack, Crack

The second family, giongo, imitates sounds like rain and Batman punching the Joker.

Katakana/Hiragana

English Transliteration

English Equivalent

ガガ

gagaga

rumble/ratatat

ガシャン

gashan

crash

カタカ

katakata

click-click/typing sounds

ガタンガト

gatangoton

click-clack

ギリギ

girigiri

grind

グチ

guchya

squish

チチ

chichichi

chirp-chirp

グラグ

guragura

rattle

koto

clink

サワサ

sawasawa

rustling

Sights and Feelings Have Sound?

The last family, gitaigo, represents feelings or expressions. English has the same words: smirk, wink, and grin are examples. Manga uses this family to clarify a charactersexpressions or feelings. For example, じーっ, jii, means stare. Its used to clarify how hard a character looks at something. In a similar way, these words help readers understand what the character feels in a scene. Manga doesnt allow us to sit inside the heads of characters like novels do. We are outside observers. Gitaigo allows readers to see a characters inner state. We see a character rub their forehead, but without gitaigos cue, we wouldnt understand it is because of a stress headache. This chart will give you a better idea of how this family works:

Katakana/Hiragana

English Transliteration

English Equivalent

カサカ

kasakasa

burn (as in sunburn)

カラカ

karakara

sweat

かんか

kankan

angry

キラキ

kirakira

sparkling

キリキ

kirikiri

stabbing pain

ぐるぐ

guruguru

dizzy

コスコ

kosokoso

secretly

ズウウウウ

zuuuuun

depressed/doomed

だらだ

daradara

lazy

ちょこん

chokon

silence

The Structure of Onomatopoeia

Understanding the structure of words helps us understand which family we are dealing with. Sound words fall into five classes (Kadooka, 2009). Stay with me. This gets a little technical.

Words have a base called a bare stem. This is the unchanging part of a word. For example:

hanasu (to speak) => hana (bare stem) => hanashimasu (speak, present tense)

This idea works with English words. This bare stem can act as a sound word.

The next classis called altered reduplication. It repeats the first word with a slight change. Think: bow-wow and ガサゴソ (gasogoso), a rattling sound.

Doubled base repeats the base sound of the word: rattattat. Reduplication repeats the complete sound instead of just the base. Think pop-pop and カサカ (kasakasa). Of all the classes, we use this the most for sound words. All other words fall under a miscellaneous category.

But why does it matter? Why do you need to understand these classes?

They help you determine which words are sound words. You dont need to be able to read katakana to know if a word is a sound word when you understand these classes. Just look at the symbols. This also helps you look up the words. Finally, understanding these families helps you discover related sound words. Some words come in degrees, such as the sound of something blowing in a breeze (hatahata ハタハタ) and the sound of something blowing in a stiff wind (batabata バタバタ). Their shared phonemes reveal their relationships.

Manga pulls from a rich collection of onomatopoeia, many of which lack English equivalents. Understanding the construction of these words along with memorizing katakana will enhance your enjoyment of manga. It also gives you a mental edge over people who read only prose. Not to mention, Japanese onomatopoeia could add pizzazz to your own creative work.

References

Aliyeh, K. & Zeinolabedin, R. (năm trước). A Comparison between Onomatopoeia and Sound Symbolism in Persian and English and Their Application in the Discourse of Advertisements.International Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research. Vol., 3 (SP), 219-225.

Inose, Hiroko (n.d.) Translating Japanese onomatopoeia and mimetic words academia.edu/8327377/Translating_Japanese_onomatopoeia_and_mimetic_words

Kadooka, K. (2009). Onomatopoeia Markers in Japanese. Lacus Forum 28. 267-275.

Schwartz, A., & Rubinstein-Avila, E. (2006). Understanding the Manga Hype: Uncovering the Multimodality of Comic-book Literacies. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 50 (1) 40-49.

In Otaku 101, the geek writers of MANGA.TOKYO try to answer some of the most basic anime and manga questions of otaku everywhere, like what is onomatopoeia and is fansubbingand scanlating theft?

You can read all the articles here.

Next Read: Survive! Shachiku-chan Vol.1 Review: You Are a True Company Slave But Only if You Havent Noticed That You Are! »

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